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Em particular, um martingale é uma sequência de variáveis aleatórias (isto é, um processo estocástico) para o qual, a qualquer 🍇 tempo específico na sequência observada, a esperança do próximo valor na sequência é igual ao valor presentemente observado, mesmo dado 🍇 o conhecimento de todos os valores anteriormente observados.[1]

O movimento browniano parado é um exemplo de martingale.

Ele pode modelar um jogo 🍇 de cara ou coroa com a possibilidade de falência.

Em contraste, em um processo que não é um martingale, o valor 🍇 esperado do processo em um tempo pode ainda ser igual ao valor esperado do processo no tempo seguinte.

Entretanto, o conhecimento 🍇 de eventos anteriores (por exemplo, todas as cartas anteriormente retiradas de um baralho) pode ajudar a reduzir a incerteza sobre 🍇 os eventos futuros.

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    The history of bull and bear\n\n The terms bear  and bull  have been used for many years in the financial and trading markets, and are thought to originally stem from the way in which each animal attacks its opponents. A bull, when on the attack, thrusts its horns up into the air, while a bear will swipe downward.
    Bulls and bears: the epic battle - Zumo.tech
    A bull market is when stock prices are on the rise and economically sound, while a bear market is when prices are in decline. The origin of these expressions is unclear, but one reason could be that bulls attack by bringing their horns upward, while bears attack by swiping their paws downward.
    Where Did the Bull and Bear Market Get Their Names? - Investopedia
    Key takeaways\n\n A bull market occurs when securities are on the rise, while a bear market occurs when securities fall for a sustained period of time. It's important to understand the differences between bull and bear markets and how they impact your investment decisions.
    Worried about a recession? Heed the lessons from the bulls and bears
    A bear market is a 20% downturn in stock market indexes from recent highs. A bull market occurs when stock market indexes are rising, eventually hitting new highs. Historically, bull markets tend to last longer than bear markets. Bear and bull markets can affect investor confidence and behavior.
    Bear vs bull market: How to tell the difference - Fidelity Investments
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